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A boycott was launched in the United States on July 7, 1977, against the Swiss-based Nestlé corporation. It spread in the United States, and expanded into Europe in the early 1980s. It was prompted by concern about Nestlé's "aggressive marketing" of breast milk substitutes, particularly in less economically developed countries (LEDCs), largely among the poor. The boycott has been canceled and renewed based upon scrutiny of the business practices of Nestlé and other substitute manufacturers monitored by the International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN). Organizers of the boycott encourage the practice of newborn nutrition via natural breast milk and claim that use of the substitutes represent a health risk for infants. As of 2013, the Nestlé boycott is coordinated by the ''International Nestlé Boycott Committee'', the secretariat for which is the UK group ''Baby Milk Action''. ==Baby milk issue== Groups such as the International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN) and Save the Children argue that the promotion of infant formula over breastfeeding has led to health problems and deaths among infants in less economically developed countries.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work = IBFAN )〕〔(A Generation On: Baby milk marketing still putting children’s lives at risk ) Save the Children report, May 2007 (pdf).〕 There are four problems that can arise when poor mothers in developing countries switch to formula: *Formula must normally be mixed with water, which is often polluted in poor countries, leading to disease in vulnerable infants.〔(Milking it ) Joanna Moorhead, The Guardian, May 15, 2007〕 Because of the low literacy rates in developing nations, many mothers are not aware of the sanitation methods needed in the preparation of bottles. Even mothers able to read in their native language may be unable to read the language in which sterilization directions are written. *Although some mothers can understand the sanitation standards required, they often do not have the means to perform them: fuel to boil water, electric (or other reliable) light to enable sterilisation at night. UNICEF estimates that a formula-fed child living in disease-ridden and unhygienic conditions is between 6 and 25 times more likely to die of diarrhea and four times more likely to die of pneumonia than a breastfed child.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work = UNICEF )〕 *Many poor mothers use less formula powder than is necessary, in order to make a container of formula last longer. As a result, some infants receive inadequate nutrition from weak solutions of formula.〔(World Concern website describes mothers' needs to dilute formula )〕 *Breast milk has many natural benefits lacking in formula. Nutrients and antibodies are passed to the baby while hormones are released into the mother's body.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention )〕 Breastfed babies are protected, in varying degrees, from a number of illnesses, including diarrhea, bacterial meningitis, gastroenteritis, ear infection, and respiratory infection.〔("Gastroenteritis" ). ''Merck Manuals Online Medical Library''. February 1, 2003. Retrieved November 21, 2006.〕 Breast milk contains the right amount of the nutrients essential for neuronal (brain and nerve) development. The bond between baby and mother can be strengthened during breastfeeding.〔 Frequent and exclusive breastfeeding can also delay the return of fertility, which can help women in developing countries to space their births.〔, which cites: :〕 The World Health Organization recommends that, in the majority of cases, babies should be exclusively breast fed for the first six months.〔( World Health Organization ), "Global strategy for infant and young child feeding," section titled "EXERCISING OTHER FEEDING OPTIONS" November 24, 2001〕 Advocacy groups and charities have accused Nestlé of unethical methods of promoting infant formula over breast milk to poor mothers in developing countries.〔(Nestlé Products to Boycott )〕〔(History of the campaign ) Baby Milk Action Group〕 For example, IBFAN claim that Nestlé distributes free formula samples to hospitals and maternity wards; after leaving the hospital, the formula is no longer free, but because the supplementation has interfered with lactation, the family must continue to buy the formula. IBFAN also allege that Nestlé uses "humanitarian aid" to create markets, does not label its products in a language appropriate to the countries where they are sold, and offers gifts and sponsorship to influence health workers to promote its products. Nestlé denies these allegations. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nestlé boycott」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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